Diagnosis and management options in malignant pleural effusions. Lung India. New perspectives on diagnosis and therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Front Oncol. Classification and management of subcutaneous emphysema: a year experience. Indian J Surg. The incidence and risk factors of asymptomatic primary spontaneous pneumothorax detected during health check-ups.
BMC Pulm Med. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Updated 21 Nov Batra H, Antony VB. Pleural mesothelial cells in pleural and lung diseases. J Thoracic Dis. Bertin F, Deslauriers J. Anatomy of the pleura: reflection lines and recesses. Thoracic Surg Clinics. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellHealth. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.
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Related Articles. What Is a Pleural Effusion? Common Functions and Disorders of the Pleural Fluid. Certain blood tests may also be useful in determining the cause and severity of the pleural disease. The treatment of pleural disease is dictated by the condition and may vary from placement of a chest tube to evacuate air, draining fluid with a needle thoracentesis or a chest tube, or opening the chest to remove the diseased pleura decortication.
Abrading the pleural surface to achieve adherence of the lung to the chest wall may be required for recurrent pneumothorax. In some cases of malignancy mesothelioma , removal of all of the pleura as well as the underlying lung extrapleural pnemonectomy may be indicated.
Your physician will discuss with you the diagnosis and surgical and non-surgical options for treatment. To make an appointment, please see our locations page for the phone numbers. Updated visitor guidelines. Pleural Diseases. Types of Pleural Diseases Hemothorax : Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity. Some causes of a pleural effusion include:. A malignant pleural effusion is a complication that occurs in around 30 percent of people with lung cancer, but can also occur with metastatic breast cancer, leukemias, lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndrome a disease of bone marrow cells.
A hemothorax is the accumulation of blood in the pleural space, most often due to chest trauma or chest surgery. A chylothorax refers to the accumulation of chyle lymph fluid in the pleural cavity and occurs when there is injury to the thoracic duct in the chest such as with trauma or chest surgery. A pneumothorax a collapsed lung refers to the build-up of air in the pleural space. When a significant amount of air accumulates, it can compress the lungs and impede the ability of the lungs to expand.
If a pneumothorax occurs, it can be a gradual process or, instead, a rapid process which compresses the lung beneath the lining a tension pneumothorax. Mesothelioma is a cancer of the pleural membranes most commonly associated with asbestos exposure.
A pleural effusion is often suspected when looking at a chest X-ray or chest CT scan, but further tests are needed to determine the components of the fluid and make a diagnosis.
A thoracentesis is a procedure in which a long thin needle is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural cavity to obtain a sample of fluid. A pleural effusion is typically diagnosed with a procedure called thoracentesis in which a needle and syringe used to remove fluid from the pleural cavity.
The pleural fluid is then analyzed under a microscope to identify the cause. If fluid or air remains in the pleural space, a chest tube or needle thoracentesis , respectively, may be used decompress the lungs. The treatment of pleural disorders depends on the specific disorder, the severity, and the underlying causes or medical conditions. With mesothelioma, if the tumor is operable a surgery may be done to remove the pleural membranes and underlying lung tissue. Mild pleural effusions may resolve on their own.
Thoracentesis is often the first step with larger effusions, thought fluid often reaccumulates especially with malignant pleural effusions. If this happens, there are several options. A procedure called pleurodesis involves injecting an irritant such as talc between the pleural membranes to scar down the membranes and eliminate the pleural space.
With malignant pleural effusions, a stent is often placed into the pleural cavity so that the fluid can be drained at home when it reaccumulates. In some cases, a pleurectomy removal of the pleura is needed. With a pneumothorax, a chest tube is often placed to continuously remove the air until the air leak resolves on its own. The pleural cavity is a region of the body that is often taken for granted unless affected by the build up of fluid or air.
Fortunately, prompt recognition can often lead to treatments that resolve or at least control these conditions.
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